CRISA AFRICAChapter 9: The game has changed in Nigeria: A criminological perspective of substance abuse among youths by Macpherson Uchenna Nnam - CRISA AFRICA

Chapter 14: The role of perceived stress and absence of interpersonal support in alcohol involvement among adolescents in Nigeria by James E. Effiong. Sampson K. Nwonyi, Adedeji J. Ogunleye & Aniekan S. Ubom

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 01:06:46 +0000

Stress. whether perceived or real, is fundamentally an interactive and dynamic construct because it rejects the interaction between the organism and the environment over time (Monroe, 2008). Although some people adjust adaptively by developing various coping strategies, Sergeston& Miller, (2004) and McEwen (1998) posited that there are biological cost to stress when individuals over suppress their stressful experiences.

Perceived stress is a subjective assessment of stress that incorporates feelings about the uncontrollability and unpredictability of one’s lite, how much one has to cope with one’s life challenges. as well as a dwindled confidence in one’s ability to deal with problems or difficulties. It is our contention, therefore, that perceived stress may be a reason for alcohol involvement. One of the dangers of perceived stress as a risk factor to alcohol involvement is its potential to create a situation of helplessness and depression (Cohen, Kamarck, & Miller, 1983). In certain settings like the University environment, students perception of stress and their conjecture of how to cope may lead to depressive symptoms (Dyson &Renk, 2006), which may cause them to resort to alcohol use since depression is correlated with alcohol involvement (Numberger, Foroud, Flury,
Eric, Meyer, &Weigand, 2002). This problem may be aggravated when there is an absent of interpersonal support.
Interpersonal social support refers to resources, materials, and emotional cues made available to a person to help him overcome life’s challenges (Moak&Agrawal,2010). Individuals with ISS are less likely to be depressed. According to the buffering hypothesis (Cohen& Wills, 1985), increased interpersonal social support, even when it is perceived. acts as protective influence against stress and guard against mental health problems.

Chapter 19: Transnational alcohol industries, alcohol marketing and the drinking behaviours of Nigerian youths: Implications lot policies by Emeka W. Dumbili

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Internationally, research shows that students engage in heavy drinking rituals (Andrade et al., 2012; Kypri et al., 2005), and suffer diverse alcohol-related problems (lwamoto at al., 2011; O’Brien et al., 2013). Growing evidence suggests that one of the reasons why aicohol consumption is high amongst students is due to the prevalent marketing outlets, advertising, sales promotions and sponsorship of social events on campuses (Paek & Hove, 2012; Scribner et al.. 2008). Scholars (e.g., O’Brien et al., 2014; Ruddock, 2012) argue that these strategies facilitate the physical, economic and psychological availability of alcohol on campuses. Indeed, multinational alcohol corporations use sophisticated marketing tactics such as rebranding of glassware (Stead et al., 2014), price promotions (Babor et al., 2010; Gordon et al., 2010; Hastings et al., 2005). giveaway alcohol-branded merchandise (Anderson et al., 2009; Hurtz et al., 2007), etc., to encourage young people (students and non-students) to initiate alcohol consumption or to use larger quantities.

In Australia, a large body of literature (e.g., Pettigrew et al., 2015; Jones et al., 2012; Jones & Lynch, 2007) reveals the ubiquity of promotional activities that target youths.These include point-of-sale promotions that offer free alcohol or price discounts and another where cash and other prizes are won (Jones & Lynch, 2007; Jones et al., 2012). As Jones & Lynch (2007) argue, some of these promotions are designed specifically to encourage students to patronise sales outlets and/or to consume more alcohol. On the impact of sales promotion, evidence shows that those who participated in promotional activities bought and consumed larger quantities of alcohol than those who did not participate (Jones et al., 2015). This is why Jones & Lynch (2007, p.478)argued that sales promotion engenders “a culture in which excessive alcohol consumption is seen as a norm”.

Chapter 18: Familial drinking habit, emotional stability and alcohol use in a sample of male and female adolescents in lbadan, Nigeria and Abiodun M. Lawal

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Alcohol has been globally reported to be the most frequently used psychoactive substance by adolescents (Olumide, Robinson, Levy, Mashimbye, et al., 2014; Atilola, et al., 2014; Hibell, et al., 2009; Johnston, et al., 2010). In same manner, high proportion of alcohol use by adolescents has been severally reported in Nigeria (ldowu, Fatusi & Olajide, 2016; Hamisu, Ahmad & Lim, 2014; Ebirim & Morakinyo, 2011). In their study, Idowu, et al (2016) recently described that 36.1 % of their study sample reported consuming alcoholic drinks. This is becoming worrisome to all stakeholders in drug-reduction interventions. More importantly, death rate and adverse consequences of high consumption of alcohol by adolescents call for unrelenting efforts of researchers to continue to investigate and give possible solutions that could lead to a significant reduction in alcohol intake in the population of youth in Nigeria. Apart from findings across the globe that adolescent alcohol use has association with several problem behaviours (Sise, et al., 2009; World Health Organization, 2008), many studies in Nigeria also confirm the link with numerous risky behaviours such as hazardous drinking, sexual risk behaviours, violence, drinking and driving, problematic pattern of alcohol use, among others (Atilola, Ayinde & Adeitan, 2013; Abiokoye & Olley, 2012). The consequences of alcohol abuse by adolescents go beyond them as perpetrators; rather, they cut across the family, friends and the society at large.
Review of several studies has shown that family is among the most prompting variables on young children’s attitudes toward alcohol use and actual consumption of alcohol (Erik, et al., 2014; Latendresse, et al., 2008; Chassin, Flora & King, 2004), As reported that a family with history of alcoholism is a well confirmed risk
factor for the development of alcohol use by members of such family (McGue, 1994); perhaps concurrently or later in life. Also, Chassin, et al. (2004) reported that familial alcoholism partly raised risk factor and drug use among adolescents.

Chapter 17: Analysis of alcohol advertising on television and compliance with Apcon regulations in Nigeria by Anietie Etteyft, Okokon Umoh, Anthony Udoh &Mbuk Mboho

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Advertising is simply defined as a paid form of non-personal promotion, by an identified sponsor or sponsors, transmitted through mass mediated channel, with the objective of persuading prospects to purchase a product, adopt an idea, accept a process, or point of view, (Hasan, 2013; Belch, Belch & Purani, 2010; Arens, Weigold & Arens, 2008; Akpan, 2006)
One of the major commodities that has had a long, symbiotic relationship with advertising is alcohol. In medieval Europe, it was used to describe substances obtained through the process or processes of distillation. They are further classified as primary, secondary or tertiary. Alcohols are also said to be by-products of digestion and chemical processes within body cells, found in the tissues and fluids of animals and plants, (Encarta, 2009).

The history of alcohol indicates that drinking has served various purposes for individuals, depending on their communities, countries and societies of origin. It has served as a kind of food, drug and cultural artifact, with important symbolic meanings (Barbor, Gaetano, Casswell, Edwards, Giestrecht, Graham,Grube, Hill, Holder, Homel, Livingston; Osterberg, Flehm, Floom & Fiossow,2010).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in their Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2014: “The use of alcoholic beverages has been an integral part of many cultures for thousands of years… prior to the modern era, fermented alcoholic beverages are well known in all tribal and village societies, except in Australia, Oceania and North America”.
Drinking and drunkenness had long been recognized as a problem, which could trigger negative Consequences. The Bible and the Koran, as well as the holy books of the world’s popular religions, forbid excessive consumption, or out-rightly prohibit indulgence in alcohol and/or related beverages, which influence or affect their consumers to make irrational decisions, that may have negative physical, social or other implications.

Chapter 15: Cultural practices and alcohol policy in Nigeria: The facts, the myths and the truth by Innocent A. Nwosu

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 01:01:51 +0000

Alcohol drinks have been the oldest and the most widely used intoxicating substance since prehistoric times. As European explorers and empires expanded their territories across the world between 1500s – 1900s, they noticed indigenous alcoholic drinks in all places except Australasia, Oceania and North America roughly north of the US-Mexico border (Room, 2013). It has also been noted that alcohol has been widely consumed since prehistoric times by man as a component of the standard diet, for hygiene and medical reasons, for its relaxant and euphoric effects, for recreational purpose, for artistic inspiration, as aphrodisiacs and other purposes. At times, drinks are used for religious and mystical purposes (Ng‘en Dimelu et al, 2011).

Before the colonial era in Nigeria, alcoholic drinks were produced locally either by tapping it from the palm tree (palm wine) or fermented it from cereals such as guinea corn (sekete or burukutu) or distilling palm wine to produce spirit (local gin — kaikai or ogogoro). At that time, drinking of alcoholic beverages was restricted to adult males. However, on few occasions adult females may be permitted to drink a little. Alcoholic drinks are taken by men for pleasure essentially at the end of the day’s labour. Nursing mothers are allowed to drink palm wine to enhance the production of breast milk for proper lactation of their babies.
In most traditional societies in Nigeria, there were unwritten laws prohibiting alcohol use by females and children. Under these laws, for a female or child to take alcohol, it must be under the watchful eyes of an adult male. The guided consumption of alcohol beverage by females and children are usually to drive away cold or for other medical reasons such as treatment of measles in children.

Chapter 16: The burden of usage and attitude of alcohol consumption among taxi drivers in South Africa by Dauda A. Busan & ltumeleng Mekoa

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Globally, substance abuse is a cause of increased concern. Literatures have associated consumption of alcohol to a major contributory factor to manifest and latent violence, crime, and bodily injuries, as well as to other economic, social, in addition to the healthy harms. The World Health Organisation argued that consumption of alcohol in a way is harmful and a major cause of injuries that have resulted in about two million hundred thousand (2.5 million) deaths globally. The report also estimated that about three hundred and twenty thousand (320, 000) youths aged 15-29 years have lost their lives as a consequence of alcohol-related causes, the figure represents 9 percent the total deaths in the age group. Many of the existing studies on alcohol consumption, however, do not focus on taxi drivers drinking usage and attitude in Africa, thereby leaving a gap in knowledge ‘on the topic, thus the focus of this article.

The rate at which drug is abused in South Africa is fast becoming a huge challenge. The South Africa Police Services in a figure released recently have indicated that substance abuse accounts for about sixty (60) percent of all crimes in the country, and alcohol consumption is not exempted from the orgy. This research, therefore, was undertaken to contribute to the dialogue on alcohol consumption among Taxi drivers in Africa. It investigated the extent, usage, attitude and effect of alcohol use among drivers, in Mafikeng, Northwest Province of South Africa. The article will thus fill a gap in the literature on taxi drivers ‘alcohol usage and attitude. Taxi drivers, who despite the fact that they constitute a significant percentage of the South Africa population, local research on alcohol use among taxi drivers is limited. Parry et al.; (2004); Flisher.et.al, (2006); and Jernigan, (2006) argued that the consumption of alcohol by drivers in South Africa is of primary concern especially, the resultant manifest and latent consequences of its use. Relm et al. (2009) while joining the discourse on the global figures based on 2004 Global status report on alcohol and health, by the World Heath Organization estimated that 3.8 percent of deaths may be linked to the consumption of alcohol.

Chapter 13: Housewives’ alcohol abstinence self-efficacy: Roles of self-concept clarity, rejection sensitivity and demographic attributes in a Nigerian sample by Iboro E A. Ottu & Isaac M. Tommy

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For a long time, there have been mounting concerns about alcoholism by women due to associated adverse effect of the beverage and other drug—related substances on the health and wellbeing of the drinker, their infants and their unborn children (e.g Strandberg-Larsen, Nielsen, Gronbaek, Olsen & Andersen, 2008). Although there have been a number of advocates on alcohol—reduction strategies available for people to reduce the quantity, frequency and speed of their drinking, many people do not use such strategies consistently to moderate their drinking (Benton et al., 2004, Martens et al, 2004, Martens, Ferrier & Cimini, 2007). Self-efficacy to abstain from alcohol use among people, especially women, therefore remains as an important prevention and intervention strategy against future alcohol—related fatalities. Even with consistent approximations, it is empirically not clear what percentage of women is actually engaged in alcoholic drinking, globally, making existing debate more intense and fierce. Directly related, although the scientific community seems to be divided on the propriety or otherwise of women, especially pregnant and nursing women, consuming alcohol during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding), the opposing sector seems to wield more convincing influence. Accordingly, a number of studies have reported the adverse effects of alcohol on the health and wellbeing of mothers and their children (Jones, Smith, Ulleland & Stressguth, 1974; Aliyu, Wilson, Zooroh, Chakrabarty, Alio, Kirby & Salitu. 2008). From the global perspective, it is estimated that one third of the world’s drug users (which include alcohol) are women, just as approximately 3-5 million women inject drugs out of estimated gross of 12 million women-Weighing from the fact that majority of people who use alcohol and other drugs may not fit the stereotype of the amoral and pitiful addict, it becomes necessary and timely to devise measures to dissuade them from harmful involvement with drug and alcohol. One of such contemporary approaches is the campaign for supply reduction of illicit substances and the control of access to licit pharmaceuticals arid‘ other over-the-counter substances through laws and regulations.

Chapter 12: Socio-demographic variables and rejection sensitivity as correlates of drug abuse in a sample of Inner City youths by Gboyega E. Abikoye & Edikan C. Ukpongerte

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Drug abuse is one of the most pervasive social problems in the world. It is a behaviour that most societies view as” being detrimental to people’s physical, social, psychological and spiritual well-being. Hewitt and Enoch (2009) define drug use/substance abuse as an excessive use of addictive substances, especially when such consumption or misuse of a substance is not for therapeutic-purposes but rather for the purpose of altering the normal functioning of the mind and body.
Substance abuse among various populations and in virtually every country of the world is assuming an increasingly alarming dimension, a tendency which, if left unchecked, could spell disasters of an unimaginable proportion (WHO 2010). At the individual level, substance abuse has been implicated in many forms of human morbidity and mortality, and is a leading cause of preventable deaths in many countries of the world (Agrawal, Puliyel, Chansoria, Mukerejee & Kaul,2007; Yoon, Higgins & Heil, 2007). Substance abuse is a major cause of physical conditions such as liver, cardiovascular, and cranial problems. Other problems include some. degree of tolerance and withdrawal syndrome, characterized by nervousness, irritability, drowsiness, energy loss, difficulty concentrating, impaired physical performance, headaches, fatigues, irregular bowels, insomnia, dizziness, cramps, palpitation, tremors, and cravings (Seaman & Seeman 1983).

Additionally, substance abuse has been implicated in majority of the cases of vehicular fatalities worldwide, with attendant effects of physical deformity, loss of property, loss of jobs, loss of esteem and even loss of lives. In addition, substance misuse is known to have a causal relationship with many psychological disorders including mental and behavioural disorders (Abiona, Aioba, & Fatoye, 2006). Substance abuse is a leading cause of violence among individuals and is a major cause of premature deaths (Agrawal et al. 2007; Ogden 2003, Patton 1998).

Chapter 11: Increasing calls for the legalization of Marijuana: The global impact by Israel Kevin Umana

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Marijuana (cannabis) is the most widely used illicit drug in many developed societies and the world at large. its health and psychological effects remain the subject of serious contention and much debate- However, debate bordering on the justification for the legalization of cannabis use has polarised public opinions about its possible therapeutic effects while its profound health hazards have become entangled in similar debate. In the light of this, cannabis remains a controversial drug, as debate progresses over its illegal status and whether or not it should be legalised. This debate has raised more dust in recent years following the purported believe in some quarters that cannabis is a potential therapeutic agent for some medical conditions. After alcohol, marijuana ranks as the most pervasive recreational drug in the United States (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman,&Schulenberg, 2013). In many western societies, cannabis has been widely used and abused by a substantial minority, and in some, a great majority of teenagers and young adults, regardless of whether its use is prohibited bylaw or not. The use of marijuana in the society especially with the young adult population has been on the increase in recent years. Cannabinoid drugs have become an established part of the recreational drug landscape in the United States and progresses globally.

However, empirical and clinical studies clearly demonstrate significant adverse health effects of cannabis consumption on physical and mental health as well as its interference with social and occupational activities.

Chapter 10: The social context of injection drug use and harm reduction programs in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ediomo-Ubong E. Nelson

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There is significant disillusionment in many parts of the world with the dominant, prohibitionist approach to illicit drugs‘ control. The approach. which rests on the three international conventions, namely the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention against Illegal Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, attempt to control the supply and use of illicit drugs by means of legal prohibition. After roughly six decades of attempting to control the use of drugs by suppressing production and distribution, it is now widely acknowledged that the approach is of limited effectiveness. Production and trafficking have been suppressed in some places, but they have ballooned elsewhere. Demand for cocaine, heroin and new synthetic drugs are on the increase globally (UNODC, 2012).
Across the world, counter-narcotic operations have engendered political instability, violence, corruption, mass incarceration, and violations of the human rights of people who use drugs (PWIDs), including the right to health (Pollack & Fleuter, 2014; WACD, 2014), which has been influential in undermining support for the global drug control regime, and strengthening the momentum for policy shift towards public health and harm reduction. A vast body of evidence suggests that harm reduction measures are effective in preventing HIV infection among people
who use illicit drugs; such that these programs are considered an important factor in the prevention of HIV among people who inject drugs (PWlDs) (see the review by Csete et. al., 2016).

Chapter 9: The game has changed in Nigeria: A criminological perspective of substance abuse among youths by Macpherson Uchenna Nnam

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Substance abuse is not a price paid for the emergence of modern society. It is an ancient cultural and religious practice that cuts across virtually all human societies. One of the earliest recorded cases of substance abuse and its relationship with antisocial conducts can be found in the Holy Bible. Noah, a tiller of the soil, was the first to plant vine. He drank some of the wine, and while he was drunk, he lay uncovered in his tent (Genesis, 9: 20-21). The same source revealed that the two daughters of Lot got their father drunk and consequently slept with him; an act that resulted in their pregnancies (Genesis, 19: 33-36). From the criminological perspective. Noah and Lot committed public order offence/simple violation (i.e. drunkenness) while Lot’s children committed crimes of rape and incest taboo.

In the ancient Mesopotamia, Arab/Muslim warriors indulged in the use of ‘plant of joy’ (opium) during the ‘Crusade’ (one of the series of wars that was fought between Christians and Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries over the ownership and occupation of Palestine) to boost their morale and for sustenance and survival. The people of Mexico and South America chewed coca leaves and used ‘magic mushroom’ which contains intoxicating properties during religious ceremonies (Siegel, 2008 citing Pittman, 1974 & Inciardi, 1986).

Chapter 8: Psychodemographic predictors of substance abuse among bank employees in lbadan by Mfon E. Ineme, Michael A. Azeez, Helen O. Osinowo

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Abuse of psychoactive substances has been reported nearly all human societies, cutting across all sexes, socio-economic strata, and works of life, with attendant personal and social effects. To the individual, it leads to chronic diseases that change both brain structure and function; just as cardiovascular disease damages the heart and diabetes impairs the pancreas, addiction hijacks the brain. This happens as the brain goes through a series of changes, beginning with recognition of pleasure and ending with a drive toward compulsive behaviour (Harvard Health Publication, 2013), resulting in addiction. Socially, it affects interpersonal relationships, occupational functioning, etc.

The DSM-V described these conditions as substance-related and addictive disorders which encompass ten separate classes of drugs, which are actually not fully distinct. Accordingly, all drugs taken in excess have in common direct activation of the brain reward system, which is involved in the reinforcement of behaviours and production of memories. They produce such an intense activation of the reward system that normal activities may be neglected. For DSM-V, instead of achieving reward system activation through adaptive behaviours, drugs of
abuse directly activate the reward pathways. The pharmacological mechanisms by which each of drugs produces reward are different, but the drugs typically activate the system and produce feelings of pleasure, often referred to as “high’. Also, the DSM-V holds that individuals with lower levels of self-control, which may reflect impairments of brain inhibitory system, may be particularly predisposed to developing substance use disorders, suggesting that the roots of substance use
disorders for some persons can be seen in behaviours long before the onset of the actual substance use itself (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Chapter 7: Drug and alcohol consumption as predictors of vulnerability to sexual victimization among female students of a Federal Polytechnic by Olutope E. Akinnawo, Bede C. Akpunne & Abigal Ikeoruonye

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The abuse of alcohol and illicit and prescription drugs among adolescents is a major health problem internationally. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reports that in 2010 approximately 5 per cent of the world’s population, most of which are young people, used an illicit drug. It is estimated that alcohol abuse results in 2.5 million deaths per year and that heroin, cocaine and other drugs are responsible for 0.1 to 0.2 million deaths per year (UNODC, 2005, 2010). Research studies from around Nigeria had found similarly high prevalence of alcohol and substance use among adolescents in the country (Omokhodion & Faseru, 2007; Igwe, Ojinnaka, Ejiofor, Emechebe & lbe. 2009; Oshodi, Aina & Onajole, 2010).

Evidences from related findings show that alcohol and substance use is very common among Nigerian adolescents. Substance usage among Nigerian adolescents and young people is well documented (Eneh & Stanley, 2004; Omokhodion & Faseru, 2007; lgwe, Ojinnaka, Ejiofor, Emechebe Si lbe, 2009; Oshodi, Aina & Onaiole, 2010). In a related research carried out in the USA byThe Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2013) on the Annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an increase in the use of illicit drugs among Americans aged 12 years or older was reported. Also that drug use is highest among people in their late teens and twenties. Most people use drugs for the first time when they are teenagers. There were just over 2.8 million new users of illicit drugs in 2013, or about 7,800 new users per day. Over half (54.1 percent) were under 18 years of age. (National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2015). More than half of new illicit drug users begin with marijuana. Next most common are prescription pain relievers, followed by inhalants (which is most common among younger teens). In 2013 about 22.7% of persons between ages 12 to 20 years use alcohol (NIDA, 2015).

Chapter 6: Substance abuse among physically-challenged beggars in Jos Metropolis Marilyn F. Dafom, Juiiet Y. Pwajok, Policarp M. Bot, Pankyes A. Kutman, James R. Dakas, Joseph Kosen & T J. Ibrahim.

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 01:31:19 +0000

Alcohol and substance abuse continue to be a big problem in Nigeria. The problem of substance abuse has even spread among persons with physical and mental challenges who indulge in street begging as a source of livelihood (Save the Children, 2011). The devastating impact of alcohol/substance abuse on our society is very high, a problem that is not just for the populations that are considered normal but also for many persons with physical and or mental challenges (Osa-Edoh et al., 2012). Both the physically—challenged and non-physically challenged beggars use posters or envelopes (illegitimate materials or posters related to church programs or any charitable organization) with pictures of terminally ill people to solicit-money (Osa—Edoh & Ayano 2012). Others involved Small children who lead adult beggars around the streets (Nuhu & Nuhu. 2010). Street begging especially when Children are involved has been associated with antisocial behaviours such as prostitution, drug abuse and involvement in the commission of criminal acts such as robbery and other related crimes (Save the Children, 2011). According to the Global Report on Alcohol (WHO, 1999), even with the decline in the consumption of alcohol in the developed countries, its consumption is increasing in developing countries especially Nigeria.

Chapter 5: Patterns of substance use and its predictors among North-West University students Mafikeng Campus by Godswill N. Osuafor, Sonto M. Maputle & Natal Ayiga

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 01:33:34 +0000

The pervasiveness of the use of alcohol, tobacco, -cannabis and other psychoactive substances remains a major concern among young people globally. Nearly 25% of the total death toll among people aged 25-39 years were related to alcohol use in 2014 (WHO, 2015). This percentage is higher than that of the global alcohol related deaths which is recorded as 7.6% and 4.0% for men
and women respectively. The United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (2015) reported about 187,100 drug—related deaths in 2013. Of a particular importance, the report indicated that cannabis use disorder is more dominant in several regions of the world.
In the Sub-Saharan African context, South Africa has a historic pattern of hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption which stems from the apartheid era. For example, the South African Youth Flisk Behaviour Survey of 2002, indicates that 16% of the young participants commenced drinking of alcohol before the age of 13 years (Raddy et al., 2003). Further evidence suggests that 31.8% alcohol use and 23% binge drinking was recorded among people aged 14-18 years (Fleddy
et al., 2003) . However, cases of binge drinking escalated from 23% in 2002 to 28.5% in 2008 (YRBS, 2010). Peltzer and Ramlgan (2009) review of five national and local surveys on the prevalence of alcohol use revealed that life time, current use and binge drinking remained constant for both adolescent and adult addicts for a period of 12 years. Given that alcohol and drug use are major causes of early death and disability among young people, substance use in South African is a demographic concern.

Chapter 4: Does depression mediate the effect of sexual compulsivity in sexual risk behavior among Cannabis users in Nigeria? by Benjamin O. Olley. Damilola Oladele & Olujide A Adekeye

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 01:35:11 +0000

Cannabis use with prevalence ranging from 0.4% of a national survey (Gureje et al, 2007; to 84% among hospital clientele (Bembo; 1988), continue to be on the increase and therefore‘ an attraction for empirical studies for behavioral scientist.
Undoubtedly, evidence of a robust association between substance use and sexual risk behavior is replete in the literature (Elkington, Bauermeister, & Zimmerman, 2010), but the role of daily cannabis consumption in sexual risk behaviors, particularly among the tertiary students remain unclear.

Cannabis has an aphrodisiac-like effect on sexual pleasure enhancement, increase sexual desire (Nkhansah-Amankra et al., 2011), frequent sexual activity and corresponding increase number of sexual partners among users (Floyd & Latimer, 2010; Howard & Wang, 2004; Morrison-Beedy et al., 2011; van Gelder et al., 2011)). High intoxication of cannabis impairs.judgment; suppress inhibition, reducing perception of risk, and/or heightening desire (Elkington, Bauermeister, & Zimmerman, 2010), thereby inducing sexual compulsivity and activities (Howard & Wang, 2004). Though other research has failed to establish a link between unprotected sex and substance use (Floyd & Latimer, 2010; Hair, Park, Ling, & Moore, 2009; Hensel et al., 2011), evidence remain overwhelming of the linkage between substances use with multiple partners include marijuana (Floyd & Latimer, 2010; Howard &Wang, 2004; Morrison-Beecly et al., 2011; van Gelder et al., 2011), cocaine (van Gelder et al., 2011), and methamphetamine (Springer et al., 2007).

Chapter 3: Analysis of factors contributing to relapse in addiction treatment: A case study of centre for addiction treatment and research, Vom Christian Hospital Jos by Nevin Terry Haa

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 01:38:51 +0000

The term relapse refers to the return to substance use, following a period of voluntary or enforced abstinence, at a level of intensity comparable to that attained before abstinence (Babor, Cooney 81 Lauerman, 1986). it may mean resumption of addiction; return to drug use of the same intensity as in the past; daily drug use for a specified number of sequential days (e.g., daily use for 1 week); or a consequence of the drug use, such as the return to the hospital for further drug abuse treatment lLitman, Stapleton, Oppenheim, Peleg & Jackson, 1983). Other authors have described relapse as complex, dynamic and unpredictable (Buhringer, 2000; Donovan, 1996; Marlatt, 1996). Whereas according to Mahmood (1996).relapsed addiction means, usage, intake or misuse of psychoactive substances after one had received drug addiction treatment and rehabilitation, physically and psychologically.

The factors that contribute to relapse are into two broad categories: immediate determinants and covert antecedents. Immediate determinants are the environmental and emotional situations that are associated with relapse, including high-risk situations that threaten an individual’s sense of control, coping strategies. and outcome expectancies. Covert antecedents, which are less obvious factors influencing relapse, include lifestyle factors such as stress level and balance, and urges and cravings (Larimer, Palmer & Marlatt, 1999; Kadden, 2002). In simple terms. they are referred to as internaland external triggers the former which has to do with ones state of emotions and feelings while the later has to do with environment example situations, places and people. To Rasmussen (2000), relapse occurred because of the building up of additional crisis such as to look trivially on certain problem. stress, weak or failed forecast, the pessimistic thinking that all issue cannot be resolved and immature actions.

Chapter 2: Prevalence of drug use among internally displaced persons in Akwa lbom State, Nigeria by Nsidibe A. Usoro, Enwongo A. Okediji, Emeh A. Udoh & Mfon E. Ineme

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 01:41:55 +0000

The movement of populations from original habitations to new locations can be either voluntary or involuntary displacement depending on the circumstances surrounding the decision to relocate to a new habitation (Usoro, 2016). When the displaced populations are resettled in new locations within their country of origin, they are viewed as internally displaced persons (lDPs). In Nigeria for instance, the internal Displacement Monitoring Center Overview (2014), stated that over the years, the growing number of lDPs in Nigeria is becoming alarming. The report went further to indicate that there are about 3.3 million IDPs is Nigeria. Out of this figure, about 470,500 individuals were displaced in 2013 alone. This increase was largely attributed to Boko Haram attacks, the government’s heavy-handed counter insurgency operations and inter-communal clashes.
Displaced populations have often been under great stress, physical trauma, depression and anxiety due to separation from loved ones. This is often characterized by pre-migration and transit phases, followed by cultural dissonance, language barrier, racism, discrimination, economic adversity, overcrowding and other challenges culminate in drug use factors as coping mechanisms in attempts to deal with these stressors (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2015).
When drugs are consumed in amounts or with methods that are harmful to users themselves or others, to the extent of causing substance-related disorder, drug is therefore abused. In some cases, criminal or antisocial behaviours occur when the person is under the influence of drug, and long-term personality changes in individuals may occur as well (Ksir and Charles, 2002). Drug use is evidence among internally displaced persons and is becoming an issue for serious concern.

Chapter 1: Substance use and mood disorder among commercial drivers in Jos-Bukuru metropolis of Plateau State, Nigeria by Charles Nnaemeka Nwoga, Moses D. Audu, Suwa G. Goar, Francis J. Davou, Samuel J. Dakwak & Carmmius U. Ogba

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 01:43:35 +0000

Driving requires concentration, motor skills and concern for the safety of everyone on the road. Psychoactive substance use or misuse has the potential of making driving unsafe. It puts both the driver, passengers and other road users at a great risk. Under the influence of substances, drivers are prone to motor vehicle collision and accidents. This could be worsened if they are suffering from mental conditions that can affect their mood, judgement, cognition and behaviour.
Depressive symptoms have been linked to driving alter drinking, and psychological distress has been associated with risky driving behaviours (Stoduto et al, 2008) and (Scott-Parker et al., 2012). Mania can reduce alertness, worsen judgement or make drivers easily distractible and could lead to impaired driving. Different substances have different effects on the brain of theuser depending on their mechanism of action, amount consumed and the health history of the user among other factors. Marijuana slows reaction time, impairs judgement and decrease motor coordination and alcohol impairs judgement also. As a result, the drivers who used them will be unable to judge time and distance properly.
Sedatives such as benzodiazepines cause dizziness and drowsiness which put drivers at risk of accidents. Cocaine and similar drugs can produce aggression and reckless driving in users. Combination of drugs such as alcohol and marijuana is responsible for most lane weaving while driving (Hartman et al., 2013).

PERSPECTIVES ON DRUGS, ALCOHOL AND SOCIETY IN AFRICA, VOLUME 4, 2017

admin — Sun, 03 Mar 2019 17:07:24 +0000

CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Substance use and mood disorder among commercial drivers in Jos-Bukuru metropolis of Plateau State, Nigeria by Charles Nnaemeka Nwoga, Moses D. Audu, Suwa G. Goar, Francis J. Davou, Samuel J. Dakwak & Carmmius U. Ogba

Chapter 2: Prevalence of drug use among internally displaced persons
in Akwe lbom State. Nigeria by Nsidibe A. Usoro, Enwongo A. Okediji, Emeh A. Udoh &
Mfon E. Ineme

Chapter 3: Analysis of factors contributing to relapse in addiction treatment: A case study of centre for addiction treatment and research, Vom Christian Hospital Jos by Nevin Terry Haa

Chapter 4: Does depression mediate the effect ol sexual compulsivity in sexual risk behavior among Cannabis users in Nigeria? by Benjamin O. Olley. Damilola Oladele & Olujide A Adekeye

Chapter 5: Patterns of substance use and its predictors among North-West University students Mafikeng Campus by Godswill N. Osuafor, Sonto M. Maputle & Natal Ayiga

Chapter 6: Substance abuse among physically-challenged beggars in Jos Metropolis
Marilyn F. Dafom, Juiiet Y. Pwajok, Policarp M. Bot, Pankyes A. Kutman, James R. Dakas, Joseph Kosen & T J. Ibrahim.

Chapter 7: Drug and alcohol consumption as predictors of vulnerability to sexual victimization among female students of a Federal Polytechnic by Olutope E. Akinnawo, Bede C. Akpunne & Abigal Ikeoruonye

Chapter 8: Psychodemographic predictors of substance abuse among bank employees in lbadan by Mfon E. Ineme, Michael A. Azeez, Helen O. Osinowo

Chapter 9: The game has changed in Nigeria: A crirninological perspective of substance abuse among youths by Macpherson Uchenna Nnam

Chapter 10: The social context of injection drug use and harm reduction programs in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ediomo-Ubong E. Nelson

Chapter 11: Increasing calls for the legalization oi Marijuana: The global impact by Israel Kevin Umana

Chapter 12: Socio-demographic variables and reiection sensitivity as correlates of drug abuse in a sample of Inner City youths by Gboyega E. Abikoye & Edikan C. Ukpongerte

Chapter 13: Housewives’ alcohol abstinence self-eliicacy: Roles of self-concept clarity, reiection sensitivity and demographic attributes in a Nigerian sample by Iboro E A. Ottu & Isaac M. Tommy

Chapter 14: The role of perceived stress and absence ol interpersonal support in alcohol involvement among adolescents in Nigeria by James E. Effiong. Sampson K. Nwonyi, Adedeji J. Ogunleye & Aniekan S. Ubom

Chapter 15: Cultural practices and alcohol policy in Nigeria: The facts, the myths and the truth by Innocent A. Nwosu

Chapter 16: The burden of usage and attitude ol alcohol consumption among taxi drivers in South Africa by Dauda A. Busan & ltumeleng Mekoa

Chapter 17: Analysis of alcohol advertising on television and compliance with
Apcon regulations in Nigeria by Anietie Etteyft, Okokon Umoh, Anthony Udoh &Mbuk Mboho

Chapter 18:Familial drinking habit. emotional stability and alcohol use in a sample of male and female adolescents in lbadan, Nigeria and Abiodun M. Lawal

Chapter 19: Transnational alcohol industries, alcohol marketing and the drinking behaviours oi Nigerian youths: Implications lot policies by Emeka W. Dumbili

Click HERE to purchase the Full Book.
Each Chapter can be purchased separately. Pick the title and do a search to locate the Article.