Of the 134 countries where drug injecting was confirmed in 1999, 114 reported a relationship with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 1999). In 1995, it was estimated that 5-10% of all HIV/AIDS cases worldwide were due to injecting drugs of abuse through the use and sharing of contaminated needles and syringes (WHO. 1995). A multi-centre seroprevalence study in Canada at needle exchange sites found
Chapter 17: Socio-demographic characteristics and personality profiles of patients with substance use disorders by Mfon E. Ineme, Helen O. Osinowo, Rachel B. Asagba, Kayode O. Taiwo, Imisioluwa O. Ibikunle, Iboro F. A. Ottu, Onyeye A. Aguiyi, Michael O. Akinlabi & Akin O. Akinhanmi
Substance abuse remains one of the leading anti-social behaviours the world over. In many societies it is viewed as a leading cause of violence among individuals and groups. To the respective individuals, it has been a major cause of physiological illnesses such as liver, cardiovascular and cranial problems (Kazimir, 2010). It has exposed many to the risk of auto accidents
Chapter 18: Sexual risk behaviours among patients admitted for substance use disorder and schizophrenia in a psychiatric hospital in Lagos, Nigeria by Veronica O. Nyamali, Olufemi Morakinyo & Rahmaan Lawal
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has become one of the most serious healths and development challenges (Kaiser 2009). In spite of the enormous work carried out on its etiology, mode of transmission and treatment, HIV infection has continued its global spread. There were 33.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in 2008, up
Chapter 19: Assessment of co-occurring substance related disorders and mental illness among psychoactive substance users by Gloria S. Karuri, Gray G. Ejikeme & Andrew Zamani
Substance related disorders and mental illness are ailments that have been with man since the days of old. The use of psychoactive substances dates back to the primitive age when man experimented with herbs and roots for survival, both as food and medicament. While the harmless ones were chosen for food, those with psychoactive properties were kept for social and
Chapter 20: Substance use among mentally ill out-patients of Ndera psychiatric HIV unit and Kigali psychosocial consultation center. Rwanda by Alfred Ngirababyeyi, Vvonne Kayiteshonga, Beata Mukarusanga, Chantal Nyirarnugisha & Daniel Uwimana
Mental disorders can be a risk factor as well as a consequence of HIV infection. Multiple studies have shown that certain mental illnesses (including substance dependence) increase vulnerability to HIV infection (Bogart et al., 2006; Stoff1 et ai., 2004). HIV infection can also lead to psychological reactions that range from emotional distress to frank mental disorders.’The stress of living with
Chapter 21: Prevalence and specific psychosocial factors associated with substance use and psychiatric morbidity among patients with HIV infection at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto State. Nigeria by Mufutau A. Yunusa, Ayodele Obembe, Taofeek Ibrahim and Chibueze H. Njoku
There is no gainsaying that HIV infection has assumed a pandemic nature the world over. In addition to its contribution to morbidity and mortality, possible relationship of outcome of treatment with psychiatric morbidity and substance use presents another dimension to the disease. In one study, about 50% of patients with HIV infection had substance use problems; 18.5% were frequent users
Chapter 22: Review of interventions to reduce alcohol use-related sexual risk behaviour in Africa by Neo K. Morojele & Chitra Ranchod
The harmful use of alcohol has long been recognized as a major contributor to mortality and morbidity in many parts of the globe, and in various parts of Sub-Saharan Africa in particular (WHO, 2004). Levels of alcohol consumption among those who consume alcohol are extremely high (Roerecke, Obot, Patra, & Fiehm,2008; WHO, 2004), and in some regions of Sub-Saharan Africa,
Chapter 23: Utilization of community-based outpatient addiction treatment programmes in Kenya by Clement S. Deveau, Ludovick Tengia, Carolyne Mutua, Samuel Njoroge, Lillian Dajoh & Barney Singer
Alcohol and drug abuse continue to be a significant problem in Kenya as well as other African countries. The Kenya National Campaign Against Drug Abuse Authority (NACADA) reported in their 2007 study that 70% of adults aged 15-64 with multiple partners are likely to be substance abusers. In addition, 50% of alcohol users report ongoing craving for alcohol and 25%
Chapter 24: Use of Mobile telephone technology to enhance adherence to antiretroviral therapy by Margaret O. Afolabi, Francis J. Olatoye, Omoniyi J. Ola-Olorun, Oluwafunmi A. Akinyemi & Adedayo I. Irinoye
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an extremely devastating disease which presents as a key issue in world health in recent times. AIDS is not curable yet, but it is preventable and increasingly treatable with modern medicine. With adherence to appropriate pharmacotherapy, progression of the infection to AIDS could be reasonably delayed (Hogg, Health, Yip, et aI., I998; Mocroft, Ledergerber,
Chapter 25: Ergogenic effect of varied doses of coffee-caffeine an maximal aerobic power of young black African subjects Sikiru Lamina & Danladi I. Musa
Caffeine (1,3,7- trimethyl-xanthine) is a methyl derivative of xanthine, one of the readily available stimulants consumed daily by more than 80% of the world’s population, making it the most widely consumed drug in history. It is basically a Purina compound containing two condensed heterocyclic rings. It is a naturally occurring chemical found in over 60 different species of plant leaves,